In the first lecture, we talk about the difference between two kinds of basis for our beliefs:
- the evidence we have for our beliefs, also called our ‘epistemic reasons’ for them
- practical or pragmatic reason for our beliefs.
I will introduce that difference by discussing a very influential discussion between William Clifford - who defends evidentialism, and William James - who defends pragmatism.
Evidentialism
Clifford defends evidentialism:
"It is always wrong, everywhere and for everyone, to believe something upon insufficient evidence"
But why is evidence the one thing that should be crucial? What's wrong with believing in something without good reason, perhaps just because it feels right, or because, say, that belief is the one that everyone in my environment, in my social media, or in my community also has? Look at the first part of the lecture to learn more:
QUESTIONS for reflection:
- Do you agree that Clifford's two examples support evidentialism? If not, why not?
- Do you understand the difference between the consequentialist argument and the other argument I talk about in the video? What do you think about these arguments?
- Are you convinced that evidentialism is true? If not, why not?
Pragmatism
According to evidentialism it is never acceptable to believe someone without good evidence. For example, you should not believe that there is a god (or that there is no god) if you do not have good evidence for that belief. The same applies to e.g. your political opinions: it will not be okay to just have the same opinions as your parents or friends. You must have evidence for what you believe.
William James argues against evidentialism. James' text defends the following form of pragmatism:
In cases where we have a real choice about what to believe, and where there is no decisive evidence either way, you are free to choose to believe what we want to believe.
So, James argues that there are some cases where it is perfectly right to believe something without evidence for your belief, just because you want to or because it makes you feel good. He thinks, in fact, that you often have to form beliefs in this way.
Look at this video to hear me explain how he argues for this position:
Questions for reflection
- Why does James think it is impossible to follow the advice of evidentialism?
- Do you agree with James or do you agree with Clifford?
Take Home Question or Idea For Further Reflection:
Think about how Plato's discussion of democracy and the experience of sailing on a ship fits in with the Clifford and James discussion? There is no "right" answer. Be creative!