Hvor kommer grammatikken fra? Det kognitive grunnlaget for transitivitet og grammatiske relasjoner

• Vander Klok, Jozina Madolyn (2024). The role of prominence in post-verbal word order alternations in Javanese applicatives. I Evans, Bethwyn; Næss, Åshild & Vander Klok, Jozina Madolyn (Red.), Prominence in Austronesian. De Gruyter Mouton. ISSN 9783110735413. s. 129–167. doi: https:/doi.org/10.1515/9783110730753-005.
• Næss, Åshild; Alfarano, Valentina; Boerger, BH & Vaa, Anders (2023). Comitative Constructions in Reefs–Santa Cruz. Oceanic Linguistics. ISSN 0029-8115. 62(1), s. 81–116. doi: 10.1353/ol.2023.0002. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This paper describes and compares comitative constructions across the Reefs–Santa Cruz languages Äiwoo, Engdewu, Nalögo, and Natügu. Each of these languages shows a complex array of constructions, with considerable variation across languages both in the forms used, in which constructions are used for genuine comitative versus depictive constructions (as in I climbed with the basket, where I am climbing but the basket is not), and in which additional functions the different constructions can be extended to. At the same time, there are commonalities across the four languages, as would be expected from a low-level Oceanic subgroup such as Reefs–Santa Cruz; but the commonalities are complex and crosscut constructions and language groupings. Our historical account of this situation takes as its starting point the Proto-Oceanic comitative forms *ma, *ma-i, and *aki[ni] and assumes different grammaticalization paths and functional extensions across the languages, in particular, in Äiwoo, on the one hand, and the Santa Cruz languages, on the other. We thus contribute to disentangling the complex historical relationships within this language group, which has only fairly recently been recognized as Oceanic.

• Næss, Åshild (2023). Voice and Pluractionality in Äiwoo. Oceanic Linguistics. ISSN 0029-8115. 62(1), s. 47–80. doi: 10.1353/ol.2023.0001. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This paper examines the uses of the prefix e- (ve-) in Äiwoo, an Oceanic language of the Temotu subgroup. It argues that the functions of this prefix can be subsumed under the label pluractionality, and that it is a likely reflex of the Proto-Oceanic prefix *paRi-. However, the distribution of the Äiwoo pluractional prefix is unusual in that it most common by far with intransitive position verbs; it can also occur on transitive verbs, but this is infrequent in the available data. This paper argues that this distribution is linked to the fact that Äiwoo has a distinct transitive actor voice which covers many of the typical pluractional functions with transitives. This is particularly clear when one compares Äiwoo (v)e- to its likely cognate (v)ö- in the Santa Cruz languages, which only applies to transitive verbs with detransitivizing functions; many of the functions of SC (v)ö- are covered by the actor voice in Äiwoo. The fact that Äiwoo appears to retain both a reflex of *paRi- and an actor voice/undergoer voice distinction may provide new perspectives on the history of *paRi-, since most Oceanic languages have lost the voice distinction; this may have led to an expansion of the functions of *paRi-, as suggested by the comparison between Äiwoo and the Santa Cruz languages.

• Rødvand, Linn Iren Sjånes (2023). Possession in Patani. Language Typology and Universals. ISSN 1867-8319. 76(3), s. 443–470. doi: 10.1515/stuf-2023-2016. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Aznar, Jocelyn; Döhler, Christian & Vander Klok, Jozina Madolyn (2023). Applicatives in Austronesian. NUSA: Linguistic studies of languages in and around Indonesia. ISSN 0126-2874. 74.
• Næss, Åshild (2022). Binominals in Äiwoo: Compounds, possessive constructions, and transitional cases. I Pepper, Steve; Masini, Francesca & Mattiola, Simone (Red.), Binominal Lexemes in Cross-Linguistic Perspective Towards a Typology of Complex Lexemes. De Gruyter Mouton. ISSN 978-3-11-064087-8. s. 181–212. doi: https:/doi.org/10.1515/9783110673494-006. Vis sammendrag

  This paper discusses the strategies used for the formation of binominal lexemes in the Oceanic language Äiwoo, and the semantic properties associated with the different strategies. The strategies include compounds in which the elements may be independent or bound, as well as various constructions involving possessive marking; the semantic principles differentiating between the various available constructions include relationality, control over the relation, and animacy of the possessor. Moreover, the paper shows how reanalysis of certain constructions may lead to new types or transitional cases, such as bound nouns in compounds acquiring classifier-like properties, or person-marked prepositions being accreted onto nouns as bound possessive marking. The paper also discusses the status of so-called indirect possessive constructions within a typology of binominal constructions and suggests that there may be more to learn about binominal typology by examining in greater detail cases where possessor indexing plays a central role in the formation of binominals.

• Vander Klok, Jozina Madolyn & Evans, Bethwyn (2022). The evolution of non-syntactic functions of applicatives: –i suffixation in Javanese and neighbouring languages. I Pacchiarotti, Sara & Zúñiga, Ferna (Red.), Applicative morphology: Neglected syntactic and non-syntactic functions. . Mouton de Gruyter. ISSN 9783110777949. s. 437–474. Vis sammendrag

  Javanese, like many other Austronesian languages, has two applicative suffixes which introduce a non-actor argument as the applied phrase in the main clause. This chapter focuses on the locative applicative -i, which introduces an applied phrase with the semantic role of location, goal or recipient. Javanese -i also has a number of non-applicative functions. It has the additional syntactic function of deriving causatives by introducing an actor participant, as well as a range of non-syntactic functions, which include encoding a pluractional meaning or indicating intensity of the event or specificity of the applied phrase. This chapter describes these uses of -i suffixation in Javanese and other languages of the Western Indonesian subgroup. Comparison of locative applicative morphology across a small sample of Western Indonesian languages suggests that the non-syntactic functions of -i suffixation developed from its applicative use through the conventionalization of meanings of higher transitivity typically associated with applicative structures.

• Næss, Åshild (2021). Voice and valency morphology in Äiwoo. Oceanic Linguistics. ISSN 0029-8115. 60(1), s. 160–198. doi: 10.1353/ol.2021.0005. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Næss, Åshild (2021). Äiwoo wâtu and the typology of comparatives. Studies in Language. ISSN 0378-4177. 45(4), s. 938–967. doi: 10.1075/sl.20022.nae. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Næss, Åshild (2020). Looking for words in the Reef Islands: bound roots in Äiwoo and their descriptive and documentary challenge. I Leblic, Isabelle & Souag, Lameen (Red.), Du terrain á la théorie: les 40 ans de Lacito. Lacito Publications. ISSN 978-2-490768-01-1. s. 199–220.
• Vander Klok, Jozina Madolyn & Conners, Thomas J. (2019). Using questionnaires as a tool for comparative linguistic field research: Two case studies on Javanese. I Lahaussois, Aimée & Vuillermet, Marine (Red.), Methodological Tools for Linguistic Description and Typology. University of Hawai'i Press. ISSN 978-0-9973295-5-1. s. 62–96.

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• Evans, Bethwyn; Næss, Åshild & Vander Klok, Jozina Madolyn (2024). Prominence in Austronesian. De Gruyter Mouton. ISBN 9783110735413.

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• Evans, Bethwyn; Næss, Åshild & Vander Klok, Jozina Madolyn (2024). Prominence in Austronesian: An introduction. I Evans, Bethwyn; Næss, Åshild & Vander Klok, Jozina Madolyn (Red.), Prominence in Austronesian. De Gruyter Mouton. ISSN 9783110735413. s. 1–18. doi: https:/doi.org/10.1515/9783110730753-001.
• Alfarano, Valentina & Næss, Åshild (2024). Valency morphology in Reefs-Santa Cruz: how Oceanic morphology gave rise to two kinds of 'un-Oceanic' systems .
• Næss, Åshild & Vander Klok, Jozina Madolyn (2024). Pivot (non-)restrictions and Austronesian syntactic typology.
• Næss, Åshild (2023). Voice choice in Äiwoo discourse.
• Rødvand, Linn Iren Sjånes (2023). Post-verbal subjects in an SV language: non-agentivity and discourse structure . Vis sammendrag

  This paper explores post-verbal subject expressions in Patani (SHWNG, Austronesian), a surprising phenomenon in an otherwise SV language. While post-verbal subjects are restricted to non-Actor verbs and these occurrences as such are reminiscent of semantic alignment systems, the synchronic use of post-verbal subjects also seems to be connected to discourse structure and grounding. The Patani language is spoken on the island of Halmahera, North-Maluku, Indonesia. So far, this language has been poorly documented, but this paper is based on data (mostly spontaneous speech) collected by the author in 2019 and 2021. At first sight, Patani has a straightforward nominative-accusative alignment, which is the most widespread alignment pattern in SHWNG (Gasser et al. in press): The dominant word order in Patani is SV in intransitive clauses, and AVP in transitive clauses, and both the S argument and the A argument are indexed on the verb through a prefix. However, there are exception to this main pattern. Most notably, a pronominal form of the S argument occasionally follows the verb (VSPRO). This may come in addition to the subject prefix (lexically and pragmatically conditioned) and a preposed subject NP (pragmatically conditioned). As a result, the subject of an intransitive verbal predicate can be coded in three different ways, partly depending on verb type. Prefix Prefix + VSPRO VSPRO 1) n-cep 2) n-pólón i 3)tér-pung i 3SG-bathe 3SG-return 3SG IA-break 3SG ‘He bathes’ ‘He returns’ ‘It breaks’ The system sketched out in Table 1 above is reminiscent of patterns found in languages which are described as having split-S/semantic alignment in the region (see Klamer 2008, Holton 2008, Schapper 2015), where the encoding of the S argument depends on the lexical aspect of the verb (e.g. dynamic vs. non-dynamic) and/or agentive/patientive characteristics of the participant. In these languages, the encoding of the S argument is either identical to that of a P argument (like example 3 above), or it has double encoding as both A and P (like 2 above). The Patani system diverges from semantic alignment systems in that non-Actor verbs and intradirective verbs only occasionally occur with coding strategy 2; most commonly strategy 1 is chosen. Preliminary data suggests that the choice of coding strategy 2 is influenced by 1) lexical factors: for instance, pólón ‘return’ is much more likely to occur with coding strategy 1 than wé ‘return’; 2) pragmatic factors: strategy 2 is marked in terms of frequency and can therefore be used to express additional, pragmatic meaning. For instance, n-fan i ‘3SG-go 3SG’ can have the meaning ‘he escaped’ rather than just ‘he went’; 3) discourse structural factors: coding strategy 2 may be used to signal the end of a discourse-structural unit which furthermore serves a backgrounding function. These hypotheses will be further tested during fieldwork primo 2023, primarily through collection and analysis of narratives prompted by non-linguistic stimuli targeting intradirective and non-Actor verbs. As Riesberg et al. (2022: 509) note, discourse-structural units need to be defined on independent grounds. Arriving at an operationalizable definition of the relevant discourse units will therefore be an important goal in the analysis of the new narrative data.

• Næss, Åshild (2022). Voice and transitivity in Äiwoo discourse .
• Næss, Åshild (2022). Prominence levels and the symmetrical voice-to-transitivity shift.
• Næss, Åshild (2022). Voice and pluractionality in Äiwoo.
• Næss, Åshild (2022). Reversing grammatical relations: lessons from Reefs-Santa Cruz.
• Næss, Åshild (2021). Äiwoo: momalâ.
• Næss, Åshild (2021). Deictics, syntax and information structure in Äiwoo.
• Vander Klok, Jozina Madolyn (2021). Perspectives on information structure in Austronesian language. Linguistic Typology. ISSN 1430-0532. doi: 10.1515/lingty-2021-2073.
• Vander Klok, Jozina Madolyn & Conners, Thomas J. (2021). Proceedings of ISLOJ 7 (International Symposium of the Languages of Java). . NUSA: Linguistic studies of languages in and around Indonesia. ISSN 0126-2874. 69.
• Vander Klok, Jozina Madolyn (2021). PPs in Javanese applicatives.
• Vander Klok, Jozina Madolyn & Evans, Bethwyn (2021). Javanese applicatives within the historical evolution of applicatives in Austronesian .
• Næss, Åshild (2021). Two comitative constructions in Äiwoo.
• Rødvand, Linn Iren Sjånes (2021). Topicalization in Patani. Vis sammendrag

  This paper investigates the encoding of certain information structural properties in Patani (South Halmahera-West New Guinea) by considering two object fronting constructions which can be described as topicalization constructions. While this form of topicalization is not uncommon in Austronesian, the case of Patani is interesting since there are two different constructions: one construction contains a resumptive object pronoun in the post-verbal object position, whereas the other construction does not have such a pronominal form. Both topicalization constructions can be used to signal that the subject is not (the only) aboutness topic (in the sense of Lambrecht 1994: 127), and/or that the object referent is contrasted with other (highly accessible) referents (cf. Chafe 1994). Furthermore, new fieldwork data reveal interesting patterns concerning the difference between the two constructions: a) there is a preference for using a resumptive pronoun in the post-verbal position if the referent is animate, and b) a lack of resumptive pronoun seems to indicate that the referent will not remain topical. Finally, this paper notes the occurrence of another interesting construction where the subject referent is encoded by a resumptive pronoun in the post-verbal slot. Whereas this construction is very rare in the present data, certain pragmatic similarities are noted between this and the topicalization constructions.

• Næss, Åshild (2021). Universitetsplassen: Hvor kommer grammatikken fra? [Internett]. Universitetsplassen (podkast) .
• Rødvand, Linn Iren Sjånes (2020). Semantics of numeral classifiers in Patani.
• Næss, Åshild & Sauppe, Sebastian (2020). Bringing psycholinguistics to the field: experiences from the Solomon Islands.
• Vander Klok, Jozina Madolyn (2020). The neglected syntactic functions of of optional applicative morphology in Javanese.
• Næss, Åshild (2019). Chasing the clause: the challenges of describing person indexing in Äiwoo.
• Næss, Åshild (2019). Språkmangfaldet i Stillehavsregionen. Mål og makt. ISSN 0332-7744. 49(3), s. 33–37.
• Næss, Åshild; Vander Klok, Jozina Madolyn & Evans, Bethwyn (2019). Prominence in Austronesian: introduction.
• Næss, Åshild (2019). How to grow grammatical relations: modelling the transition from symmetrical voice to subject-object structure in Austronesian.
• Næss, Åshild (2019). How to grow grammatical relations: modelling the transition from symmetrical voice to subject/object structure in Austronesian.
• Næss, Åshild; Evans, Bethwyn & Vander Klok, Jozina Madolyn (2018). The rise of grammatical relations in Austronesian.
• Holmen, Sindre Sperre (2020). Voice Choice in Äiwoo: A Discourse-Functional Study of the Symmetrical Voice System of Äiwoo. Universitetet i Oslo.

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